Abstract
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The effective usage of renewable energy sources, such as solar
and wind, is the key to building a more sustainable society and
reducing emissions of the main greenhouse gas (CO 2 ). Nowadays,
the great challenge is how to store renewable energy in a
cheap and effi cient way; that is to say, an energy storage system
for renewable energy requires low cost, high power capability,
relatively good energy density, and high safety. Na-ion batteries
(SIBs), which have been attracting more attention owing
to their low cost, could potentially be the most promising candidate
for stationary batteries.